The initial impact of per-capita school funding on teaching students with special educational needs in Kazakhstan

Abstract

This article examines the impact of per-capita school funding in Kazakhstan on the improvement of
instruction of students with SEN. It offers an extensive literature review on inclusive education funding
models internationally and interprets Kazakhstan’s experience in this context. Data in this article comes
from a survey of almost 500 urban general day school directors in Kazakhstan’s regions.
The article answers three research questions. First, how do urban day schools differ in terms of presence
of students with SEN? Second, how do urban day schools that teach students with SEN differ in their
policies and practices towards this group of students, and whether they differ by the type of funding that
they receive? Third, how do schools that receive PCF assess the impact of this funding on the improvement
of instruction of students with SEN?
This research finds that factors that determine whether students with SEN are enrolled at the school
are the selectiveness of admission to school, the language of instruction, the presence of school-level
policy towards students with SEN, and additional staff hired for students with SEN. It shows that schools,
which receive PCF, controlled for the size of the urban location, are two times more likely to have students
with SEN in general education classrooms compared to schools that do not receive PCF. Schools that have home-schooled students with SEN are less likely to include these students in general education
classes. Further research should examine what is the role of schools in maintaining students with SEN in
homeschooling. Findings in this research indicate that teacher professional capacity, the quality of school
infrastructure, and the decision-making freedom of school principals form important bases for the effectiveness
of per-capita school funding to enable the development of inclusive education in Kazakhstan.
Key words: Per-capita funding, throughput funding, outcomes-based funding, school finance, students
with special needs, inclusive education, policy analysis.